What is the difference between common law and civil law? This article will help you understand the key distinctions between these two legal systems.
Legal systems can vary widely from country to country, and even within countries. Two of the most prominent legal systems are common law and civil law. While both of these systems have their roots in Europe, they have evolved differently over the centuries, resulting in some important differences that you should be aware of. Understanding these differences can help you navigate legal issues more effectively no matter where you are located in the world.
Common Law
Common law is a legal system that originated in medieval England and is prevalent in countries that were once part of the British Empire, including the United States. In this system, judicial decisions are based on previous court rulings rather than on written laws or codes. Judges have more flexibility in interpreting and applying these precedents to new cases that come before them. Common law tends to be very case-specific and relies heavily on the principle of stare decisis, which means using past decisions as a guide for future outcomes.
Common law is often contrasted with civil law, which is based on written codes and statutes rather than judicial decisions. While common law relies heavily on the principles of precedent and stare decisis, civil law tends to rely more on comprehensive legal codes that attempt to cover all possible legal scenarios. Additionally, in a common law system, judges often have more discretion in interpreting legal concepts and making judgments based on their own reasoning, while in a civil law system, judges are typically bound more strictly by the letter of the law as laid out in the statutory codes. These differences can have significant impacts on how legal cases are handled and interpreted in different parts of the world.
Common law is based on precedent, meaning that decisions made by judges in previous cases are used as a guide for how to decide present and future cases. The system originated in England and spread throughout the world through the British Empire.
Hukum umum adalah sistem hukum yang berasal dari Inggris abad pertengahan dan bergantung pada putusan pengadilan berdasarkan putusan pengadilan sebelumnya, bukan undang-undang atau kode tertulis. Dalam sistem ini, hakim menggunakan keputusan masa lalu sebagai panduan ketika menafsirkan dan menerapkan hukum untuk kasus-kasus baru. Pendekatan ini memungkinkan fleksibilitas dan pertimbangan khusus kasus yang lebih besar daripada hanya menggunakan undang-undang. Hukum umum berlaku di negara-negara yang pernah menjadi bagian dari Kerajaan Inggris, termasuk Amerika Serikat, dan terus memengaruhi sistem hukum di seluruh dunia saat ini.
Salah satu perbedaan utama antara hukum umum dan hukum perdata adalah pendekatan mereka terhadap preseden hukum. Hukum umum sangat bergantung pada keputusan pengadilan sebelumnya sebagai panduan untuk menafsirkan dan menerapkan hukum untuk kasus-kasus baru. Ini berarti bahwa hakim memiliki lebih banyak fleksibilitas dalam proses pengambilan keputusan mereka dan dapat mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor khusus kasus. Sebaliknya, hukum perdata lebih bergantung pada undang-undang dan kode tertulis, dengan hakim biasanya menerapkan undang-undang ini secara langsung ke setiap kasus tanpa terlalu bergantung pada putusan masa lalu. Hukum perdata berasal dari Roma kuno dan berlaku di banyak negara di seluruh dunia, termasuk Prancis, Jerman, dan Jepang. Sementara sistem hukum umum dan hukum perdata memiliki kekuatan masing-masing, penting bagi pengacara untuk memahami perbedaan utama ketika berpraktik di yurisdiksi yang berbeda.
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